CLAUDE: Migrate backend to UV package management

Migrated from pip to UV (v0.9.7) for faster, more reliable package management.

## Changes

### Package Management
- Created `pyproject.toml` with project metadata and dependencies
- Generated `uv.lock` for reproducible builds (198KB)
- Migrated all dependencies from requirements.txt:
  - Production: 20 packages (FastAPI, SQLAlchemy, Pydantic, etc.)
  - Development: 6 packages (pytest, black, mypy, flake8)
- Virtual environment moved from `venv/` to `.venv/` (UV default)

### Dockerfile Updates
- Updated base image: python:3.11-slim → python:3.13-slim
- Added UV installation via official image copy
- Development stage: Uses `uv sync --frozen` for all deps
- Production stage: Uses `uv sync --frozen --no-dev` for prod only
- Commands now use `uv run` prefix for auto-activation
- Set UV environment variables:
  - UV_LINK_MODE=copy (for Docker compatibility)
  - UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE=1 (performance)
  - UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS=never (use system Python)

### Code Fixes
- Fixed Pydantic model circular import in `app/models/game_models.py`
  - Added runtime import of PositionRating at end of file
  - Called `model_rebuild()` on LineupPlayerState and GameState
  - Resolves "not fully defined" errors in tests

### Documentation
- Updated `backend/CLAUDE.md` with UV usage:
  - Package management section with UV commands
  - Updated all code examples to use `uv run`
  - Daily development workflow now uses UV
  - Added dependency management guide (add/remove/update)
  - Updated virtual environment location (.venv/)

### Project Files
- Added `.python-version` (3.13) for UV Python version tracking
- Removed UV template files (main.py, README.md)
- Kept existing .gitignore (already includes venv/ and .venv/)

## Testing
- ✅ All imports work correctly
- ✅ 55/55 game model tests passing
- ✅ 500+ unit tests passing (same as before migration)
- ✅ Test failures are pre-existing (not UV-related)

## Benefits
- 10-100x faster dependency resolution
- 2-3x faster installation
- Better dependency conflict resolution
- Single tool for everything (replaces pip, pip-tools, virtualenv)
- Reproducible builds with uv.lock

## Migration Path for Team
```bash
# One-time: Install UV
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh

# In project
cd backend
uv sync  # Creates .venv and installs everything

# Daily usage
uv run python -m app.main
uv run pytest tests/ -v
```

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/.python-version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.13

backend/CLAUDE.md

@@ -123,19 +123,35 @@ Lineup.from_api_data(config, data)
 
 ## Development Workflow
 
+### Package Management
+
+This project uses **UV** for fast, reliable package management.
+
+**Installing UV** (one-time setup):
+```bash
+curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
+```
+
+**Setting up the project**:
+```bash
+cd backend
+uv sync  # Creates .venv and installs all dependencies
+```
+
 ### Daily Development
 ```bash
-# Activate virtual environment
-source venv/bin/activate
-
 # Start Redis (in separate terminal or use -d for detached)
 docker compose up -d
 
-# Run backend with hot-reload
-python -m app.main
+# Run backend with hot-reload (UV auto-activates .venv)
+uv run python -m app.main
 
 # Backend available at http://localhost:8000
 # API docs at http://localhost:8000/docs
+
+# Alternative: Activate .venv manually
+source .venv/bin/activate
+python -m app.main
 ```
 
 ### Testing
@@ -146,7 +162,7 @@ Test the game engine directly without needing a frontend:
 
 ```bash
 # Start interactive REPL (recommended for rapid testing)
-python -m terminal_client
+uv run python -m terminal_client
 
 # Then interact:
 ⚾ > new_game
@@ -171,22 +187,22 @@ See `terminal_client/CLAUDE.md` for full documentation.
 
 ```bash
 # Run all tests
-pytest tests/ -v
+uv run pytest tests/ -v
 
 # Run with coverage
-pytest tests/ --cov=app --cov-report=html
+uv run pytest tests/ --cov=app --cov-report=html
 
 # Run specific test file
-pytest tests/unit/test_game_engine.py -v
+uv run pytest tests/unit/test_game_engine.py -v
 
 # Type checking
-mypy app/
+uv run mypy app/
 
 # Code formatting
-black app/ tests/
+uv run black app/ tests/
 
 # Linting
-flake8 app/ tests/
+uv run flake8 app/ tests/
 ```
 
 ## Coding Standards
@@ -891,8 +907,43 @@ docker-compose up -d  # Old command not available
 
 ### Python Environment
 - **Version**: Python 3.13.3 (not 3.11 as originally planned)
-- **Virtual Environment**: Located at `backend/venv/`
-- **Activation**: `source venv/bin/activate` (from backend directory)
+- **Package Manager**: UV (v0.9.7+) - Fast, reliable Python package management
+- **Virtual Environment**: Located at `backend/.venv/` (UV default)
+- **Activation**: `source .venv/bin/activate` (from backend directory)
+  - Or use `uv run <command>` to auto-activate
+
+### Package Management with UV
+
+**Add a new dependency**:
+```bash
+# Production dependency
+uv add package-name==1.2.3
+
+# Development dependency
+uv add --dev package-name==1.2.3
+
+# With extras
+uv add "package[extra]==1.2.3"
+```
+
+**Update dependencies**:
+```bash
+# Update a specific package
+uv add package-name@latest
+
+# Sync dependencies (after pulling pyproject.toml changes)
+uv sync
+```
+
+**Remove a dependency**:
+```bash
+uv remove package-name
+```
+
+**Key Files**:
+- `pyproject.toml` - Project metadata and dependencies (commit to git)
+- `uv.lock` - Locked dependency versions (commit to git)
+- `.venv/` - Virtual environment (gitignored)
 
 ### Critical Dependencies
 - **greenlet**: Required for SQLAlchemy async support (must be explicitly installed)

backend/Dockerfile

@@ -1,31 +1,35 @@
 # Backend Dockerfile for Paper Dynasty Game Engine
 # Multi-stage build for optimized production image
 
-FROM python:3.11-slim as base
+FROM python:3.13-slim as base
 
 # Set environment variables
 ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 \
     PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 \
-    PIP_NO_CACHE_DIR=1 \
-    PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK=1
+    UV_LINK_MODE=copy \
+    UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE=1 \
+    UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS=never
 
-# Install system dependencies
+# Install system dependencies and UV
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
     curl \
     postgresql-client \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+# Install UV
+COPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest /uv /usr/local/bin/uv
+
 # Create app directory
 WORKDIR /app
 
 # Development stage
 FROM base as development
 
-# Copy requirements
-COPY requirements.txt requirements-dev.txt ./
+# Copy dependency files
+COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
 
-# Install Python dependencies
-RUN pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+# Install all dependencies (including dev)
+RUN uv sync --frozen
 
 # Copy application code
 COPY . .
@@ -34,16 +38,16 @@ COPY . .
 EXPOSE 8000
 
 # Run with uvicorn reload for development
-CMD ["python", "-m", "uvicorn", "app.main:socket_app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000", "--reload"]
+CMD ["uv", "run", "python", "-m", "uvicorn", "app.main:socket_app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000", "--reload"]
 
 # Production stage
 FROM base as production
 
-# Copy requirements (production only)
-COPY requirements.txt ./
+# Copy dependency files
+COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
 
-# Install Python dependencies
-RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
+# Install production dependencies only
+RUN uv sync --frozen --no-dev
 
 # Create non-root user
 RUN useradd -m -u 1000 appuser && \
@@ -63,4 +67,4 @@ HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=10s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
     CMD curl -f http://localhost:8000/api/health || exit 1
 
 # Run with production server
-CMD ["python", "-m", "uvicorn", "app.main:socket_app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000", "--workers", "4"]
+CMD ["uv", "run", "python", "-m", "uvicorn", "app.main:socket_app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000", "--workers", "4"]

backend/app/models/game_models.py

@@ -700,6 +700,18 @@ class GameState(BaseModel):
     )
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# MODEL REBUILD (for forward references)
+# ============================================================================
+
+# Import PositionRating at runtime for model rebuild
+from app.models.player_models import PositionRating  # noqa: E402
+
+# Rebuild models that use forward references
+LineupPlayerState.model_rebuild()
+GameState.model_rebuild()
+
+
 # ============================================================================
 # EXPORTS
 # ============================================================================

backend/pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+[project]
+name = "paper-dynasty-backend"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Paper Dynasty Real-Time Game Engine Backend - FastAPI with WebSocket support"
+readme = "README.md"
+requires-python = ">=3.13"
+authors = [
+    { name = "Paper Dynasty Team" }
+]
+dependencies = [
+    "aiofiles==24.1.0",
+    "alembic==1.14.0",
+    "asyncpg==0.30.0",
+    "click==8.1.8",
+    "fastapi==0.115.6",
+    "greenlet==3.2.4",
+    "httpx==0.28.1",
+    "passlib[bcrypt]==1.7.4",
+    "pendulum==3.0.0",
+    "psycopg2-binary==2.9.10",
+    "pydantic==2.10.6",
+    "pydantic-settings==2.7.1",
+    "python-dotenv==1.0.1",
+    "python-jose[cryptography]==3.3.0",
+    "python-multipart==0.0.20",
+    "python-socketio==5.11.4",
+    "redis==5.2.1",
+    "rich==13.9.4",
+    "sqlalchemy==2.0.36",
+    "uvicorn[standard]==0.34.0",
+]
+
+[build-system]
+requires = ["hatchling"]
+build-backend = "hatchling.build"
+
+[tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel]
+packages = ["app"]
+
+[dependency-groups]
+dev = [
+    "black==24.10.0",
+    "flake8==7.1.1",
+    "mypy==1.14.1",
+    "pytest==8.3.4",
+    "pytest-asyncio==0.25.2",
+    "pytest-cov==6.0.0",
+]