diff --git a/frontend/src/game/interactions/HandManager.spec.ts b/frontend/src/game/interactions/HandManager.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17a4d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/game/interactions/HandManager.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+/**
+ * HandManager tests
+ *
+ * Tests the hand card interaction system including drag-and-drop,
+ * zone validation, and event emission.
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest'
+
+import { HandManager } from './HandManager'
+import { gameBridge } from '../bridge'
+import type { HandZone } from '../objects/HandZone'
+import type { Card } from '../objects/Card'
+import type { BoardLayout } from '@/types/phaser'
+import type { CardDefinition, CardInstance } from '@/types/game'
+
+// Mock game bridge
+vi.mock('../bridge', () => ({
+  gameBridge: {
+    emit: vi.fn(),
+    on: vi.fn(),
+    off: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}))
+
+// Mock Phaser to prevent canvas issues
+vi.mock('phaser', () => ({
+  default: {
+    Math: {
+      Distance: {
+        Between: vi.fn((x1, y1, x2, y2) => Math.hypot(x2 - x1, y2 - y1)),
+      },
+    },
+  },
+}))
+
+describe('HandManager', () => {
+  let scene: unknown
+  let handZone: HandZone
+  let handManager: HandManager
+  let mockCard: Card
+  let mockLayout: BoardLayout
+  let mockGraphics: unknown
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    /**
+     * Set up test environment with mocked Phaser scene and hand zone.
+     *
+     * Creates fresh instances for each test to ensure isolation.
+     */
+    // Mock graphics object
+    mockGraphics = {
+      setDepth: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+      clear: vi.fn(),
+      fillStyle: vi.fn(),
+      fillRect: vi.fn(),
+      lineStyle: vi.fn(),
+      strokeRect: vi.fn(),
+      destroy: vi.fn(),
+    }
+
+    // Mock scene
+    scene = {
+      add: {
+        graphics: vi.fn(() => mockGraphics),
+      },
+      tweens: {
+        add: vi.fn(),
+      },
+      input: {
+        activePointer: {
+          x: 100,
+          y: 100,
+        },
+      },
+    }
+
+    // Mock hand zone
+    handZone = {
+      getCards: vi.fn(() => [mockCard]),
+      getPlayerId: vi.fn(() => 'player1'),
+    } as unknown as HandZone
+
+    // Mock card
+    const mockCardInstance: CardInstance = {
+      instance_id: 'card-123',
+      definition_id: 'pikachu',
+      damage: 0,
+      attached_energy: [],
+      attached_tools: [],
+      status_conditions: [],
+      ability_uses_this_turn: {},
+      evolution_turn: null,
+    }
+
+    const mockCardDefinition: CardDefinition = {
+      id: 'pikachu',
+      name: 'Pikachu',
+      card_type: 'pokemon',
+      stage: 'basic',
+      hp: 60,
+      pokemon_type: 'lightning',
+    }
+
+    mockCard = {
+      setInteractive: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+      disableInteractive: vi.fn(),
+      on: vi.fn(),
+      off: vi.fn(),
+      setPosition: vi.fn(),
+      setDepth: vi.fn(),
+      setScale: vi.fn(),
+      getCardInstance: vi.fn(() => mockCardInstance),
+      getCardDefinition: vi.fn(() => mockCardDefinition),
+      x: 100,
+      y: 200,
+    } as unknown as Card
+
+    // Mock layout
+    mockLayout = {
+      myActive: { x: 500, y: 400, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+      myBench: [
+        { x: 200, y: 500, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+        { x: 300, y: 500, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+        { x: 400, y: 500, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+        { x: 500, y: 500, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+        { x: 600, y: 500, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+      ],
+      myHand: { x: 400, y: 700, width: 800, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+      myDeck: { x: 900, y: 400, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+      myDiscard: { x: 800, y: 400, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+      myPrizes: [],
+      myEnergyZone: { x: 650, y: 400, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: 0 },
+      oppActive: { x: 500, y: 200, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: Math.PI },
+      oppBench: [],
+      oppHand: { x: 400, y: 100, width: 800, height: 140, rotation: Math.PI },
+      oppDeck: { x: 100, y: 200, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: Math.PI },
+      oppDiscard: { x: 200, y: 200, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: Math.PI },
+      oppPrizes: [],
+      oppEnergyZone: { x: 350, y: 200, width: 100, height: 140, rotation: Math.PI },
+    }
+
+    handManager = new HandManager(scene, handZone)
+    handManager.setLayout(mockLayout)
+
+    // Clear mock call history
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('creates HandManager instance', () => {
+    /**
+     * Test that HandManager can be instantiated.
+     *
+     * Verifies basic object creation and graphics setup.
+     * The graphics object is created during HandManager construction.
+     */
+    // Create a new instance to test construction
+    const manager = new HandManager(scene, handZone)
+
+    expect(manager).toBeDefined()
+    expect(scene.add.graphics).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('enables hand interactions for all cards', () => {
+    /**
+     * Test that enableHandInteractions sets up event listeners.
+     *
+     * Ensures all cards in hand become interactive when enabled.
+     */
+    handManager.enableHandInteractions()
+
+    expect(mockCard.setInteractive).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(mockCard.on).toHaveBeenCalledWith('pointerdown', expect.any(Function))
+    expect(mockCard.on).toHaveBeenCalledWith('pointermove', expect.any(Function))
+    expect(mockCard.on).toHaveBeenCalledWith('pointerup', expect.any(Function))
+  })
+
+  it('disables hand interactions', () => {
+    /**
+     * Test that disableHandInteractions removes interactivity.
+     *
+     * Verifies cards become non-interactive when disabled (e.g., opponent's turn).
+     */
+    handManager.enableHandInteractions()
+    handManager.disableHandInteractions()
+
+    expect(mockCard.disableInteractive).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('emits card:clicked event on card click', () => {
+    /**
+     * Test that clicking a card emits the correct event.
+     *
+     * Card clicks should send instance/definition IDs to Vue for action handling.
+     */
+    handManager.enableHandInteractions()
+
+    // Get the pointerdown handler
+    const onCalls = (mockCard.on as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mock.calls
+    const pointerDownCall = onCalls.find(
+      (call: unknown[]) => call[0] === 'pointerdown'
+    )
+    expect(pointerDownCall).toBeDefined()
+
+    const pointerDownHandler = pointerDownCall![1] as (pointer: unknown) => void
+
+    // Simulate pointer down and up without drag
+    const mockPointer = { x: 100, y: 200 }
+    pointerDownHandler(mockPointer)
+
+    // Get the pointerup handler
+    const pointerUpCall = onCalls.find(
+      (call: unknown[]) => call[0] === 'pointerup'
+    )
+    const pointerUpHandler = pointerUpCall![1] as () => void
+    pointerUpHandler()
+
+    expect(gameBridge.emit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('card:clicked', {
+      instanceId: 'card-123',
+      definitionId: 'pikachu',
+      zone: 'hand',
+      playerId: 'player1',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('updates card registry', () => {
+    /**
+     * Test that card registry can be updated.
+     *
+     * The registry is needed for validating card types during drag operations.
+     */
+    const registry = {
+      pikachu: {
+        id: 'pikachu',
+        name: 'Pikachu',
+        card_type: 'pokemon' as const,
+        stage: 'basic' as const,
+      },
+    }
+
+    handManager.setCardRegistry(registry)
+
+    // No error should be thrown
+    expect(handManager).toBeDefined()
+  })
+
+  it('cleans up resources on destroy', () => {
+    /**
+     * Test that destroy method properly cleans up.
+     *
+     * Prevents memory leaks by ensuring graphics are destroyed.
+     */
+    handManager.destroy()
+
+    expect(mockGraphics.destroy).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('sets layout correctly', () => {
+    /**
+     * Test that layout can be updated.
+     *
+     * Layout updates are needed when viewport resizes.
+     */
+    const newLayout: BoardLayout = { ...mockLayout }
+    handManager.setLayout(newLayout)
+
+    // No error should be thrown
+    expect(handManager).toBeDefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/frontend/src/game/interactions/HandManager.ts b/frontend/src/game/interactions/HandManager.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88f3c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/game/interactions/HandManager.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,602 @@
+/**
+ * HandManager - Handles all hand card interactions in Phaser.
+ *
+ * Manages:
+ * - Card selection (tap/click)
+ * - Drag-and-drop to play cards
+ * - Energy attachment via drag
+ * - Visual feedback for valid drop zones
+ * - Integration with game bridge for action dispatch
+ *
+ * The HandManager listens for card interactions in the hand zone and emits
+ * events via the game bridge for Vue to handle. Vue components then use
+ * useGameActions to dispatch validated actions to the server.
+ */
+
+import Phaser from 'phaser'
+
+import { gameBridge } from '../bridge'
+import type { Card } from '../objects/Card'
+import type { HandZone } from '../objects/HandZone'
+import type { BoardLayout, ZonePosition } from '@/types/phaser'
+import type { ZoneType, CardDefinition } from '@/types/game'
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Constants
+// =============================================================================
+
+/** Color for highlighting valid drop zones */
+const VALID_ZONE_COLOR = 0x22c55e // Green
+
+/** Color for highlighting invalid drop zones */
+const INVALID_ZONE_COLOR = 0xef4444 // Red
+
+/** Alpha for zone highlight overlays */
+const ZONE_HIGHLIGHT_ALPHA = 0.3
+
+/** Minimum drag distance to trigger drag mode (prevents accidental drags) */
+const MIN_DRAG_DISTANCE = 10
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Types
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Zone validation result.
+ */
+interface ZoneValidation {
+  /** Whether the zone is a valid drop target */
+  isValid: boolean
+  /** The zone type */
+  zoneType: ZoneType
+  /** Slot index for multi-slot zones (bench, prizes) */
+  slotIndex?: number
+  /** Reason why zone is invalid (for debugging) */
+  reason?: string
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// HandManager Class
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Manages hand card interactions.
+ *
+ * Coordinates between card drag events and zone highlighting.
+ * Validates drop targets based on card type and game rules.
+ */
+export class HandManager {
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Properties
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /** The Phaser scene */
+  private scene: Phaser.Scene
+
+  /** Hand zone object */
+  private handZone: HandZone
+
+  /** Current board layout */
+  private layout: BoardLayout | null = null
+
+  /** Graphics object for zone highlights */
+  private highlightGraphics: Phaser.GameObjects.Graphics
+
+  /** Currently dragged card */
+  private draggedCard: Card | null = null
+
+  /** Card definition registry for validation */
+  private cardRegistry: Record<string, CardDefinition> = {}
+
+  /** Starting position of drag */
+  private dragStartPosition: { x: number; y: number } | null = null
+
+  /** Whether dragging is active */
+  private isDragging = false
+
+  /** Original position of dragged card */
+  private originalCardPosition: { x: number; y: number } | null = null
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Constructor
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new HandManager.
+   *
+   * @param scene - The Phaser scene
+   * @param handZone - The hand zone to manage
+   */
+  constructor(scene: Phaser.Scene, handZone: HandZone) {
+    this.scene = scene
+    this.handZone = handZone
+
+    // Create graphics for zone highlights
+    this.highlightGraphics = scene.add.graphics()
+    this.highlightGraphics.setDepth(100) // Above board but below dragged card
+  }
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Public Methods
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Update the board layout.
+   *
+   * @param layout - New board layout
+   */
+  setLayout(layout: BoardLayout): void {
+    this.layout = layout
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update the card registry for validation.
+   *
+   * @param registry - Card definition registry
+   */
+  setCardRegistry(registry: Record<string, CardDefinition>): void {
+    this.cardRegistry = registry
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enable interactions for all cards in hand.
+   *
+   * Sets up click and drag handlers for hand cards.
+   */
+  enableHandInteractions(): void {
+    const handCards = this.handZone.getCards()
+
+    for (const card of handCards) {
+      this.setupCardInteractions(card)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Disable all hand interactions (e.g., during opponent's turn).
+   */
+  disableHandInteractions(): void {
+    const handCards = this.handZone.getCards()
+
+    for (const card of handCards) {
+      card.disableInteractive()
+    }
+
+    this.clearDrag()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clean up resources.
+   */
+  destroy(): void {
+    this.clearDrag()
+    this.highlightGraphics.destroy()
+  }
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Private Methods - Card Interaction Setup
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Set up click and drag handlers for a card.
+   *
+   * @param card - The card to set up
+   */
+  private setupCardInteractions(card: Card): void {
+    // Make sure card is interactive
+    card.setInteractive()
+
+    // Remove any existing listeners to prevent duplicates
+    card.off('pointerdown')
+    card.off('pointermove')
+    card.off('pointerup')
+
+    // Set up event handlers
+    card.on('pointerdown', (pointer: Phaser.Input.Pointer) => {
+      this.handleCardPointerDown(card, pointer)
+    })
+
+    card.on('pointermove', (pointer: Phaser.Input.Pointer) => {
+      this.handleCardPointerMove(card, pointer)
+    })
+
+    card.on('pointerup', () => {
+      this.handleCardPointerUp(card)
+    })
+  }
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Private Methods - Event Handlers
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Handle pointer down on a card (start of click or drag).
+   *
+   * @param card - The card that was pressed
+   * @param pointer - The pointer input
+   */
+  private handleCardPointerDown(card: Card, pointer: Phaser.Input.Pointer): void {
+    // Store drag start position
+    this.dragStartPosition = { x: pointer.x, y: pointer.y }
+
+    // Store original card position for cancel
+    this.originalCardPosition = { x: card.x, y: card.y }
+
+    // Not yet dragging - wait for movement
+    this.isDragging = false
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle pointer move (dragging a card).
+   *
+   * @param card - The card being dragged
+   * @param pointer - The pointer input
+   */
+  private handleCardPointerMove(card: Card, pointer: Phaser.Input.Pointer): void {
+    if (!this.dragStartPosition) return
+
+    // Check if we've moved enough to start dragging
+    if (!this.isDragging) {
+      const distance = Phaser.Math.Distance.Between(
+        this.dragStartPosition.x,
+        this.dragStartPosition.y,
+        pointer.x,
+        pointer.y
+      )
+
+      if (distance >= MIN_DRAG_DISTANCE) {
+        this.startDrag(card)
+      } else {
+        // Not dragging yet
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Update card position to follow pointer
+    card.setPosition(pointer.x, pointer.y)
+
+    // Update zone highlights based on pointer position
+    this.updateZoneHighlights(card, pointer.x, pointer.y)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle pointer up (end of click or drag).
+   *
+   * @param card - The card that was released
+   */
+  private handleCardPointerUp(card: Card): void {
+    if (!this.isDragging) {
+      // It was a click, not a drag
+      this.handleCardClick(card)
+    } else {
+      // End drag and check for valid drop
+      this.endDrag(card)
+    }
+
+    // Clear drag state
+    this.dragStartPosition = null
+    this.originalCardPosition = null
+  }
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Private Methods - Click Handling
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Handle card click (tap without drag).
+   *
+   * Emits card:clicked event to Vue for showing action menu.
+   *
+   * @param card - The clicked card
+   */
+  private handleCardClick(card: Card): void {
+    const instance = card.getCardInstance()
+    const definition = card.getCardDefinition()
+
+    if (!instance || !definition) return
+
+    // Emit click event via bridge
+    gameBridge.emit('card:clicked', {
+      instanceId: instance.instance_id,
+      definitionId: definition.id,
+      zone: 'hand',
+      playerId: this.handZone.getPlayerId(),
+    })
+  }
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Private Methods - Drag Handling
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Start dragging a card.
+   *
+   * @param card - The card to drag
+   */
+  private startDrag(card: Card): void {
+    this.isDragging = true
+    this.draggedCard = card
+
+    // Bring card to front
+    card.setDepth(1000)
+
+    // Slightly enlarge card during drag
+    card.setScale(1.1)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * End drag and attempt to play the card.
+   *
+   * @param card - The dragged card
+   */
+  private endDrag(card: Card): void {
+    if (!this.draggedCard) return
+
+    // Get pointer position
+    const pointer = this.scene.input.activePointer
+
+    // Validate drop zone
+    const validation = this.validateDropZone(card, pointer.x, pointer.y)
+
+    if (validation.isValid) {
+      // Valid drop - emit play intention
+      this.emitPlayCardIntention(card, validation)
+    } else {
+      // Invalid drop - return card to hand
+      this.returnCardToHand(card)
+    }
+
+    // Clean up drag state
+    this.clearDrag()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clear drag state and highlights.
+   */
+  private clearDrag(): void {
+    if (this.draggedCard) {
+      // Reset card appearance
+      this.draggedCard.setDepth(0)
+      this.draggedCard.setScale(1)
+      this.draggedCard = null
+    }
+
+    this.isDragging = false
+    this.highlightGraphics.clear()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return a card to its original position in hand.
+   *
+   * @param card - The card to return
+   */
+  private returnCardToHand(card: Card): void {
+    if (!this.originalCardPosition) return
+
+    // Animate return to original position
+    this.scene.tweens.add({
+      targets: card,
+      x: this.originalCardPosition.x,
+      y: this.originalCardPosition.y,
+      duration: 200,
+      ease: 'Quad.easeOut',
+    })
+  }
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Private Methods - Zone Validation & Highlighting
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Update zone highlights based on drag position.
+   *
+   * @param card - The dragged card
+   * @param x - Pointer X position
+   * @param y - Pointer Y position
+   */
+  private updateZoneHighlights(card: Card, x: number, y: number): void {
+    this.highlightGraphics.clear()
+
+    if (!this.layout) return
+
+    // Get card definition for validation
+    const definition = card.getCardDefinition()
+    if (!definition) return
+
+    // Check each potential drop zone
+    const zones = this.getValidDropZones(definition)
+
+    for (const { zone, zoneType, slotIndex } of zones) {
+      const isPointerOver = this.isPointerInZone(x, y, zone)
+      const validation = this.validateDropForCardType(definition, zoneType, slotIndex)
+
+      if (isPointerOver) {
+        // Highlight this zone
+        const color = validation.isValid ? VALID_ZONE_COLOR : INVALID_ZONE_COLOR
+        this.drawZoneHighlight(zone, color)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validate a drop zone for the dragged card.
+   *
+   * @param card - The card being dropped
+   * @param x - Drop X position
+   * @param y - Drop Y position
+   * @returns Validation result
+   */
+  private validateDropZone(card: Card, x: number, y: number): ZoneValidation {
+    const definition = card.getCardDefinition()
+
+    if (!definition || !this.layout) {
+      return { isValid: false, zoneType: 'hand', reason: 'Missing definition or layout' }
+    }
+
+    // Check each potential drop zone
+    const zones = this.getValidDropZones(definition)
+
+    for (const { zone, zoneType, slotIndex } of zones) {
+      if (this.isPointerInZone(x, y, zone)) {
+        return this.validateDropForCardType(definition, zoneType, slotIndex)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { isValid: false, zoneType: 'hand', reason: 'Not over any zone' }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get potential drop zones based on card type.
+   *
+   * @param definition - Card definition
+   * @returns Array of zones to check
+   */
+  private getValidDropZones(
+    definition: CardDefinition
+  ): Array<{ zone: ZonePosition; zoneType: ZoneType; slotIndex?: number }> {
+    if (!this.layout) return []
+
+    const zones: Array<{ zone: ZonePosition; zoneType: ZoneType; slotIndex?: number }> = []
+
+    if (definition.card_type === 'pokemon') {
+      // Pokemon can go to bench slots
+      this.layout.myBench.forEach((benchZone, index) => {
+        zones.push({ zone: benchZone, zoneType: 'bench', slotIndex: index })
+      })
+    } else if (definition.card_type === 'energy') {
+      // Energy can be attached to active or bench Pokemon
+      zones.push({ zone: this.layout.myActive, zoneType: 'active' })
+
+      this.layout.myBench.forEach((benchZone, index) => {
+        zones.push({ zone: benchZone, zoneType: 'bench', slotIndex: index })
+      })
+    }
+    // Trainer cards are typically played via click menu, not drag-and-drop
+
+    return zones
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validate if a card type can be dropped in a specific zone.
+   *
+   * @param definition - Card definition
+   * @param zoneType - Target zone type
+   * @param slotIndex - Target slot index (for bench)
+   * @returns Validation result
+   */
+  private validateDropForCardType(
+    definition: CardDefinition,
+    zoneType: ZoneType,
+    slotIndex?: number
+  ): ZoneValidation {
+    // Pokemon -> Bench
+    if (definition.card_type === 'pokemon' && zoneType === 'bench') {
+      // Basic validation - Vue will handle full validation via server
+      return {
+        isValid: definition.stage === 'basic', // Only basic Pokemon can be played to bench
+        zoneType,
+        slotIndex,
+        reason: definition.stage !== 'basic' ? 'Only basic Pokemon to bench' : undefined,
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Energy -> Active or Bench
+    if (definition.card_type === 'energy' && (zoneType === 'active' || zoneType === 'bench')) {
+      // Energy can be attached to any Pokemon (server will validate energy per turn limit)
+      return {
+        isValid: true,
+        zoneType,
+        slotIndex,
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      isValid: false,
+      zoneType,
+      slotIndex,
+      reason: 'Invalid card type for this zone',
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if pointer is within a zone's bounds.
+   *
+   * @param x - Pointer X
+   * @param y - Pointer Y
+   * @param zone - Zone position
+   * @returns True if pointer is in zone
+   */
+  private isPointerInZone(x: number, y: number, zone: ZonePosition): boolean {
+    const left = zone.x - zone.width / 2
+    const right = zone.x + zone.width / 2
+    const top = zone.y - zone.height / 2
+    const bottom = zone.y + zone.height / 2
+
+    return x >= left && x <= right && y >= top && y <= bottom
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Draw a highlight rectangle for a zone.
+   *
+   * @param zone - Zone to highlight
+   * @param color - Highlight color
+   */
+  private drawZoneHighlight(zone: ZonePosition, color: number): void {
+    this.highlightGraphics.fillStyle(color, ZONE_HIGHLIGHT_ALPHA)
+    this.highlightGraphics.fillRect(
+      zone.x - zone.width / 2,
+      zone.y - zone.height / 2,
+      zone.width,
+      zone.height
+    )
+
+    this.highlightGraphics.lineStyle(2, color, 1)
+    this.highlightGraphics.strokeRect(
+      zone.x - zone.width / 2,
+      zone.y - zone.height / 2,
+      zone.width,
+      zone.height
+    )
+  }
+
+  // ===========================================================================
+  // Private Methods - Action Emission
+  // ===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Emit play card or attach energy intention to Vue.
+   *
+   * @param card - The card to play
+   * @param validation - Zone validation result
+   */
+  private emitPlayCardIntention(card: Card, validation: ZoneValidation): void {
+    const instance = card.getCardInstance()
+    const definition = card.getCardDefinition()
+
+    if (!instance || !definition) return
+
+    // Determine the action type based on card type and target zone
+    if (definition.card_type === 'energy') {
+      // Emit attach energy intention
+      gameBridge.emit('card:clicked', {
+        instanceId: instance.instance_id,
+        definitionId: definition.id,
+        zone: 'hand',
+        playerId: this.handZone.getPlayerId(),
+        // Vue will interpret this as attach energy based on context
+      })
+    } else if (definition.card_type === 'pokemon' && validation.zoneType === 'bench') {
+      // Emit play Pokemon to bench intention
+      gameBridge.emit('card:clicked', {
+        instanceId: instance.instance_id,
+        definitionId: definition.id,
+        zone: 'hand',
+        playerId: this.handZone.getPlayerId(),
+        // Vue will interpret this as play to bench based on context
+      })
+    }
+
+    // Note: We emit card:clicked instead of specialized events because
+    // Vue components handle the actual action dispatch via useGameActions.
+    // The drag-and-drop is primarily UX sugar on top of the click-based system.
+  }
+}